ectures: 1) Introduction: astronomy as a discipline, geodesy and geodetic astronomy. Astronomy is the oldest natural science - a historical outline of the development of astronomy and geodesy (studies of the shape and size of the Earth). Spherical astronomy. 2) The Earth and its place in the universe. The structure of the Universe, the Galaxy, the Solar System. 3) Basic coordinate systems used
in geodesy and geodetic astronomy. Orthcartesian, spherical and ellipsoidal system. Definitions of spherical coordinate systems: geographical, equatorial, hourly and horizontal. Astronomical and ellipsoidal geographical coordinates: vertical deviation. 4) The rotational and orbital motion of the Earth and the apparent diurnal motion of the celestial sphere and the apparent annual motion of the Sun. Phenomena of diurnal movement of the celestial sphere. 5) Phenomena resulting from the rotational and orbital movement of the Earth and their impact on the observed positions of celestial
bodies (stars, planets, artificial satellites of the Earth) - aberration and parallax. Refraction for waves in the optical and radio spectrum. 6) Mean sidereal time and real sidereal time, real solar time and average solar time - definitions, dependencies. Longitude-based time dependence, universal time, and zone times. Atomic time, GPS time, coordinated universal and universal time (TU0, TU1, TU2, TUC),
the relationship between universal time and the parameters of the Earth's rotation (Earth's angle of rotation ERA). 7) The average, apparent and actual coordinates of celestial bodies. Astronomical catalogues and annuals. 8) Geodynamic basis of reference frames. Why in geodesy do we use two frames of reference. International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF), International Terrestrial Reference
Frame (ITRF). The International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service (IERS) and its responsibilities. The coordinate transformation from ICRF to ITRF. Observation techniques: VLBI, SLR, LLR, GNSS. Models of movement of tectonic plates. Transformation of Earth coordinates from epoch to epoch. 9) Elements of celestial mechanics: the movement of celestial bodies, the limited task of two
bodies, Kepler's laws. 10) Tidal phenomena in geodesy and astronomy. Exercises: 1) Basics of spherical trigonometry. 2) Astronomical coordinate systems. The transformation between systems. 3)Diurnal movement of the celestial sphere – analysis of phenomena: east and west, culminations, passage through the first vertical and elongation, twilight. 4) Circadian movement of the Sun. Calculation
of sunrise and sunset parameters. 5) Astronomical Yearbook, star catalogues, astronomical software. 6) Tenses used in astronomy and geodesy. Time conversion. 7) Differential formulas of spherical trigonometry. Ephemeris. 8) Apparent places of celestial bodies. Analysis of phenomena affecting changes in apparent coordinates. Analysis of astronomical methods of determining position and azimuth. Algorithms for reducing observations in different cases.
